Polygons representing heat islands on the ground surface. A heat island is defined as the difference in temperatures observed between two surrounding environments at the same time. The different temperature differences are mainly explained by the type of soil layout such as the vegetation cover, the impermeability of the materials and the thermal properties of the materials. This difference can reach more than 12°C.The 2020-2030 Montreal Climate Plan aims, among other things, to improve urban planning and regulatory tools. Montréal has thus committed to updating the climate change vulnerability analysis, including the heat island map, carried out as part of the 2015-2020 Agglomération de Montréal Climate Change Adaptation Plan and to integrating it into the next urban and mobility plan. The urban heat island maps were produced in collaboration with the Department of Geography of the University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM).The data can also be viewed on the [interactive heat island map] (https://bter.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=157cde446d8942d7b4367e2159942e05).**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

All island polygons. Islands may overlap as there are islands within islands (e.g., a lake on an island contains an island). GNIS_NAME_1 contains the most atomic name for the island. For example, there are 3797 "Haida Gwaii" islands. If the island has not been named as part of a more specific group or with an individual name, "Haida Gwaii" is the GNIS_NAME_1 value. GNIS_NAME_2 and GNIS_NAME_3 values are null. If the island has a more specific name, "Haida Gwaii" moves to GNIS_NAME_2, and the more atomic name, such as "Moresby Island" is the GNIS_NAME_1. If the island has an individual name, belongs to a group, and is part of Haida Gwaii, the same logic of naming from most to least specific applies. For example, GNIS_NAME_1 = "George Island", GNIS_NAME_2 = "Copper Islands", GNIS_NAME_3 = "Haida Gwaii".

Background:More than 80% of the heat produced in the Earth's crust comes from granitoid rocks. When granitoid rocks form they naturally concentrate radioactive elements such as U, Th, and K, and the radiogenic decay of these elements is an exothermic reaction. The radioactive decay of these elements within a granitoid body may generate local heat anomalies and elevated geothermal gradient at relatively shallow crustal levels. In combination with other local rock properties (e.g, porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity), radiogenic heat has the potential to generate a geothermal resource. The decay of radioactive elements converts mass into radiation energy, which in turn gets converted to heat. While all naturally radioactive isotopes generate some heat, significant heat generation only occurs from the decay of 238 U ,235 U ,232 Th and 40 K. Therefore, potential heat production is governed by the concentrations of U ,Th and K in the rock. In igneous rocks, radiogenic heat production is dependent on the bulk chemistry of the rock and decreases from acidic (e.g. granite) through basic to ultra basic rock types. Therefore, granites with anomalously high concentrations of U ,Th and K are targets for calculating potential radiogenic heat production. Potential radiogenic heat production (A)from plutonic rocks can be calculated using this equation:A (\\u03BCW/m 3 )=10 -5 \\u1D29 (9.52c u +2.56c K +3.48c Th )where "c" is the concentration of radioactive elements "U" and "Th" in ppm, and "K" in %; and "\\u1D29" is the rock density. Heat production constants of the natural radio-elements U, Th, K are 9.525x10 -5 , 2.561x10 -5 and 3.477x10 -9 W/kg, respectively.Data and Methods:Geochemical data from \~1760 samples of plutonic rocks from Yukon are used to calculate potential heat production. The calculated values for radiogenic heat production (A) are plotted over the mapped distribution of Paleozoic and younger plutonic rocks and major crustal faults are also shown for reference.

The data presented on this page concern the 2013-2014 mapping of temperature differences, the classification maps of these temperature differences (i.e. urban heat and freshness islands) and the map of the urban heat island intensity index. These different maps are detailed below:- The map of __Temperature differences in °C__ represents the temperature difference in the city compared to a nearby forest. It was produced at the scale of the Quebec ecumene (2016 census, 167,764 km2). This mapping, provided on a grid with a spatial resolution of 15 m, was carried out with a predictive machine learning model built on Landsat-8 satellite data provided by the *United States Geological Survey (USGS) * as well as from other geospatial variables such as hydrography and topography.- The mapping of surface temperature difference classes, i.e. __Urban Heat and Cool Islands (ICFU) __ was carried out for * [population centers of the 2021 census] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * (CTRPOP) with at least 1,000 inhabitants and a density of at least 400 inhabitants per km2 to which is added a buffer zone of 2 km. It thus covers all major urban centers, i.e. 14,072 km2. The method for categorizing ICFUs is the ranking of predicted temperature differences for each population center into 9 levels. Classes 8 and 9 are considered __Urban Heat Islands__ and classes 1, 2 and 3 as __Urban Fresh Islands__. The interval values for each class and population center are shown in the production metadata file. Since surface temperatures were analyzed at the Quebec ecumene scale, but the classification intervals were calculated for each population center individually, the temperature differences grouped into the different classes vary from region to region. Thus, there are differences observed in the predicted temperature differences between North and South Quebec and according to urban realities. For example, a temperature difference of 2°C may be present in class 1 (cooler) in a population center located in southern Quebec, but may be present in class 9 (very hot) in a population center in northern Quebec. It is therefore important to interpret the identification of heat islands in relation to the relative temperature difference data produced at the Quebec ecumene scale.- The __Urban Heat Island Intensity Index (SUHII) map __ represents the Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity Index (SUHII). This index is calculated for each * [dissemination island] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/db-id/db-id-fra.htm) * (ID) of Statistics Canada included in the * [2021 census population centers] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * (CTRPOP) * () * (CTRPOP). It highlights areas with higher heat island intensity, by calculating a weighted average from temperature difference classes, giving more weight to the hottest classes. This weight is proportional to the class number (e.g. a class 9 surface is 9 times more important in the index than the same area with a class 1).These maps as well as those of * [2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022) * are used for the * [Analysis of change between the mapping of heat/freshness islands 2013-2014 and 2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/analyse-de-changement-ilots-chaleur-fraicheur-et-indice-intensite-ilots-chaleur-urbains) *.For more details on the creation of the various maps as well as their advantages, limitations and potential uses, consult the * [Technote] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014/resource/0696b7d8-b02f-4fcf-9876-1a3cec0587cd) * (simplified version) and/or the * [methodological report] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014/resource/a33969ba-143a-4524-88c3-8ec7485676b1) * (version complete).The production of this data was coordinated by the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) and carried out by the forest remote sensing laboratory of the Center for Forestry Education and Research (CERFO), funded under the * [2013-2020 Climate Change Action Plan] (https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/changementsclimatiques/plan-action.asp) * of the Quebec government entitled Le Québec en action vert 2020.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

The data presented on this page concern the 2020-2022 mapping of temperature differences, the classification maps of these temperature differences (i.e. urban heat and freshness islands) and the map of the urban heat island intensity index. These different maps are detailed below:- The map of __Temperature differences in °C__ represents the temperature difference in the city compared to a nearby forest. It was produced at the scale of the ecumene of Quebec (2021 census, 185,453 km2). This mapping, provided on a grid with a spatial resolution of 15 m, was carried out with a predictive machine learning model built on Landsat-8 satellite data provided by the *United States Geological Survey (USGS) * as well as from other geospatial variables such as hydrography and topography.- The mapping of surface temperature difference classes, i.e. __Urban Heat and Cool Islands (ICFU) __ was carried out for * [population centers of the 2021 census] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * (CTRPOP) with at least 1,000 inhabitants and a density of at least 400 inhabitants per km2 to which is added a buffer zone of 2 km. It thus covers all major urban centers, i.e. 14,072 km2. The method for categorizing ICFUs is the ranking of predicted temperature differences for each population center into 9 levels. Classes 8 and 9 are considered __Urban Heat Islands__ and classes 1, 2 and 3 as __Urban Fresh Islands__. The interval values for each class and population center are shown in the production metadata file. Since surface temperatures were analyzed at the Quebec ecumene scale, but the classification intervals were calculated for each population center individually, the temperature differences grouped into the different classes vary from region to region. Thus, there are differences observed in the predicted temperature differences between North and South Quebec and according to urban realities. For example, a temperature difference of 2°C may be present in class 1 (cooler) in a population center located in southern Quebec, but may be present in class 9 (very hot) in a population center in northern Quebec. It is therefore important to interpret the identification of heat islands in relation to the relative temperature difference data produced at the Quebec ecumene scale. In addition to this map, the map of * [Temperature variations for the urbanization perimeters of the smallest municipalities 2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/variations-des-temperatures-pour-les-perimetres-d-urbanisation-des-plus-petites-municipalites) * covers all the urbanization perimeters that are not (or only partially) covered by the ICFU map. Thus, the two maps placed side by side allow a complete coverage of all population centers and urbanization perimeters in Quebec.- The __Urban Heat Island Intensity Index (SUHII) map __ represents the*Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity* (SUHII) index. This index is calculated for each * [dissemination island] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/db-id/db-id-fra.htm) * (ID) of Statistics Canada included in the * [2021 census population centers] (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/92-195-x/2021001/geo/pop/pop-fra.htm) * () * (CTRPOP). It highlights areas with higher heat island intensity, by calculating a weighted average from temperature difference classes, giving more weight to the hottest classes. This weight is proportional to the class number (e.g. a class 9 surface is 9 times more important in the index than the same area with a class 1).These maps as well as those of * [2013-2014] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014) * are used for the * [Analysis of change between the mapping of heat/freshness islands 2013-2014 and 2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/analyse-de-changement-ilots-chaleur-fraicheur-et-indice-intensite-ilots-chaleur-urbains) *.For more details on the creation of the various maps as well as their advantages, limitations and potential uses, consult the * [Technote] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022/resource/285927d4-125e-443a-b5fb-e7c11515b617) * (simplified version) and/or the * [methodological report] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022/resource/ef5f91cb-f6c9-48f4-ae06-bbfb3483e06e) * (version complete).The production of this data was coordinated by the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) and carried out by the forest remote sensing laboratory of the Center for Forestry Education and Research (CERFO), funded under the * [2013-2020 Climate Change Action Plan] (https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/changementsclimatiques/plan-action.asp) * of the Quebec government entitled Le Québec en action vert 2020. **This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

This layer details Important Areas (IAs) relevant to coral, sponge, and reef-building species in the West Coast Vancouver Island (WCVI) ecoregion. This data was mapped to inform the selection of marine Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSA). Experts have indicated that these areas are relevant based upon their high ranking in one or more of three criteria (Uniqueness, Aggregation, and Fitness Consequences).Canada’s Oceans Act provides the legislative framework for an integrated ecosystem approach to management in Canadian oceans, particularly in areas considered ecologically or biologically significant. DFO has developed general guidance for the identification of ecologically or biologically significant areas. The criteria for defining such areas include uniqueness, aggregation, fitness consequences, resilience, and naturalness. This science advisory process identifies proposed EBSAs in Canadian Pacific marine waters, specifically in the Strait of Georgia (SOG), along the west coast of Vancouver Island (WCVI, southern shelf ecoregion), and in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA, northern shelf ecoregion).Initial assessment of IA's in PNCIMA was carried out in September 2004 to March 2005 with spatial data collection coordinated by Cathryn Clarke. Subsequent efforts in WCVI and SOG were conducted in 2009, and may have used different scientific advisors, temporal extents, data, and assessment methods. WCVI and SOG IA assessment in some cases revisits data collected for PNCIMA, but should be treated as a separate effort.Though data collection is considered complete, the emergence of significant new data may merit revisiting of IA's on a case by case basis.Other datasets in this series detail IAs for birds, cetaceans, fish, geographic features, invertebrates, and other vertebrates.This package also includes project documentation and tech reports relevant to the IA process and its role within the selection of EBSAs.

Heat Wave represents the consecutive number of days (April 1 – October 31) where the maximum daily temperature is greater than 25 or 30 degrees respectively. Heat wave products are only generated during the Growing Season, April 1 through October 31.

**Warning**The 2012 version of Urban Heat/Freshness Islands and Surface Temperature is now replaced by a more recent version from 2013-2014 and 2020-2022. Data from the 2012 version is archived on Data Québec for consultation, for example for old reports or analyses referring to this version of the data. Any new study or analysis should use the most recent data available on Data Quebec * [Urban heat/freshness islands and relative temperature differences 2013-2014] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2013-2014) * and * [Urban heat/freshness islands and relative temperature differences 2020-2022] (https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/ilots-de-chaleur-fraicheur-urbains-et-ecarts-de-temperature-relatifs-2020-2022) *.**Description**Presentation of urban heat and freshness islands, as well as surface temperature.This product was created by INSPQ and CERFO in 2012, financed in part by the Green Fund as part of measure 21 of the [2006-2012 Climate Change Action Plan (PACC)] (http://www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca/changements/plan_action/2006-2012_fr.pdf) of the Government of Quebec.Mapping was carried out for distribution areas with a population density >= 400 inhabitants per km2 and adjacent distribution areas.Purpose: Locate urban heat and freshness islands, and present a surface temperature gradient.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

Curie point depth (CPD) mapping in Yukon was done using public domain aeromagnetic data from Natural Resources Canada. In this study, two different CPD methodologies were employed using two different window sizes (200 km and 300 km). Qualitatively, the results were broadly consistent regardless of the method or window size. South-central Yukon exhibits shallow CPD values while northern and southeastern Yukon have deeper CPD values. This suggests that south-central Yukon has higher levels of heat flow in the mid-to-lower crust compared to the rest of the territory. The CPD results are largely consistent with heat flow measurements from the near surface. Specifically, regions with shallow CPD estimates correspond to areas with elevated heat flow measurements. Geologically, the regions with shallow CPD correspond to the Cordillera, while deep CPD areas appear to be co-located with continental platform rocks of Ancestral North America. Comparison with Yukon-specific crustal geotherms derived from other data suggest that the CPD estimates for south-central Yukon are systematically too deep by 2 to 12 km. The discrepancy is likely caused by the need to better understand and account for the fractal distribution of magnetization in the crust in Yukon. The results of this CPD study are valuable in that 95% of Yukon has been demarcated into regions of shallow CPD (higher heat flow) and deep CPD (lower heat flow). These findings should be combined with other data, such as heat generation and sediment thickness estimates, to identify the most prospective regions of elevated subsurface heat in Yukon. Contours have been created for the gridded curie point depth at 1 km intervals and are presented along with the grid.Distributed from [GeoYukon](https://mapservices.gov.yk.ca/GeoYukon/) by the [Government of Yukon](https://yukon.ca/) . Discover more digital map data and interactive maps from Yukon's digital map data collection. For more information: [geomatics.help@yukon.ca](mailto:geomatics.help@yukon.ca)

Curie point depth (CPD) mapping in Yukon was done using public domain aeromagnetic data from Natural Resources Canada. In this study, two different CPD methodologies were employed using two different window sizes (200 km and 300 km). Qualitatively, the results were broadly consistent regardless of the method or window size. South-central Yukon exhibits shallow CPD values while northern and southeastern Yukon have deeper CPD values. This suggests that south-central Yukon has higher levels of heat flow in the mid-to-lower crust compared to the rest of the territory. The CPD results are largely consistent with heat flow measurements from the near surface. Specifically, regions with shallow CPD estimates correspond to areas with elevated heat flow measurements. Geologically, the regions with shallow CPD correspond to the Cordillera, while deep CPD areas appear to be co-located with continental platform rocks of Ancestral North America. Comparison with Yukon-specific crustal geotherms derived from other data suggest that the CPD estimates for south-central Yukon are systematically too deep by 2 to 12 km. The discrepancy is likely caused by the need to better understand and account for the fractal distribution of magnetization in the crust in Yukon. The results of this CPD study are valuable in that 95% of Yukon has been demarcated into regions of shallow CPD (higher heat flow) and deep CPD (lower heat flow). These findings should be combined with other data, such as heat generation and sediment thickness estimates, to identify the most prospective regions of elevated subsurface heat in Yukon. Contours have been created for the gridded curie point depth at 1 km intervals and are presented along with the grid.Distributed from [GeoYukon](https://mapservices.gov.yk.ca/GeoYukon/) by the [Government of Yukon](https://yukon.ca/) . Discover more digital map data and interactive maps from Yukon's digital map data collection. For more information: [geomatics.help@yukon.ca](mailto:geomatics.help@yukon.ca)