Monthly mean temperature from Bedford Institute of Oceanography North Atlantic Model (BNAM) results were averaged over 1990 to 2015 period to create monthly mean climatology for the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, which can be considered as a representation of the climatological state of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. The BNAM model is eddy-resolving, NEMO-based ice-ocean coupled North Atlantic Ocean model developed at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) to support DFO monitoring programs. The data available here is monthly climatology for eight selected depths (surface, 110 m, 156 m, 222 m, 318 m, 541 m, 1062 m, bottom) in 1/12 degree spatial resolution. The data for each month from 1990 until present for the entire model domain ( 8°–75°N latitude and 100°W–30°E longitude) and various depths is available upon request.The 1990-2017 model hindcast result is compared with observational data from surface drifter and satellite altimetry. The model demonstrates good skill in simulating surface currents, winter convection events in the Labrador Sea, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation as observed at 26.5°N and 41°N. Model results have been used to interpret changes in the Labrador Current and observed warming events on the Scotian Shelf, and are reported through the annual AZMP Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Process.When using data please cite following:Wang, Z., Lu, Y., Greenan, B., Brickman, D., and DeTracey, B., 2018. BNAM: An eddy resolving North Atlantic Ocean model to support ocean monitoring. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean. Sci. 327: vii + 18p

The Versatile Soil Moisture Budget (VSMB) is a soil water budget model that is continuous and deterministic in nature and was developed by AAFC. It is based on the premise that the water available for plant growth is gained by precipitation or irrigation, and lost through evapotranspiration and runoff as well as lateral and deep drainage. The daily net loss or gain is added or subtracted from the water already present in the rooting zone. Water is withdrawn simultaneously, but at different rates, from different soil depths, depending on the potential evapotranspiration, the stage of crop development, the water release characteristics of each soil layer and the available water.

Description:Seasonal climatologies (temperature, salinity, and sigma-t) of the Northeast Pacific Ocean were computed from historical observations including all available conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD), bottle, expendable bathy-thermograph (XBT), and Argo data in NOAA (http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/), Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS), and Institute of Ocean Sciences archives over 1980 to 2010 period in spatial resolution ranging from approximately 100m to 70km.Methods:Calculations, including smooth and interpolation, were carried out in sixty-five subregions and up to fifty-two vertical levels from surface to 5000m. Seasonal averages were computed as the median of yearly seasonal values. Spring months were defined as April to June, summer months were defined as July to September, fall months were defined as October to December, and winter months were defined as January to March.Uncertainties:Uncertainties are introduced when quality controlled observational data are spatially interpolated to varying distances from the observation point. Climatological averages are calculated from these interpolated values.

CANGRD is a set of Canadian gridded annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature and precipitation anomalies, which were interpolated from stations in the Adjusted and Homogenized Canadian Climate Data (AHCCD); it is used to produce the Climate Trends and Variations Bulletin (CTVB).

In 2018, Fisheries and Oceans Canada initiated the Multidisciplinary Arctic Program (MAP) – Last Ice, the first ecosystem study of the poorly characterized region of Tuvaijuittuq, where multiyear ice still resides in the Arctic Ocean. The program MAP-Last Ice takes a coordinated approach to integrate the physical, biochemical, and ecological components of the sea ice-ocean connected ecosystem and its response to climate and ocean forcings. This program provides baseline ecological knowledge for Tuvaijuittuq and, in particular, for its unique multiyear ice ecosystem. The database provides baseline data on fatty acid composition and stable isotopes signatures of sea ice communities in multi- and first-year ice in Tuvaijuittuq. The data were collected during the 2018 spring field campaign of the MAP-Last Ice Program, offshore of Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert, in the Lincoln Sea.

Harvest changes occurred from 1985 to 2022 displaying the year of greatest harvest disturbance. It is developed within the framework of Canada’s National Terrestrial Ecosystem Monitoring System (NTEMS). The information outcomes represent 38 years of harvest activity in Canada's forests, derived from a single, consistent, spatially explicit data source in a fully automated manner. Time series of Landsat data with 30 m spatial resolution were used to characterize national trends in stand replacing forest disturbances caused by harvest for the period 1985-2022 for Canada's 650-million-hectare forested ecosystems.When using this data, please cite as: Hermosilla, T., M.A. Wulder, J.C. White, N.C. Coops, G.W. Hobart, L.B. Campbell, 2016. Mass data processing of time series Landsat imagery: pixels to data products for forest monitoring. International Journal of Digital Earth 9(11), 1035-1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2016.1187673 ( Hermosilla et al. 2016).See references below for an overview on the data processing, metric calculation, change attribution, and time series change detection methods applied, as well as information on independent accuracy assessment of the data.Hermosilla, T., Wulder, M. A., White, J. C., Coops, N.C., Hobart, G.W., (2015). An integrated Landsat time series protocol for change detection and generation of annual gap-free surface reflectance composites. Remote Sensing of Environment 158, 220-234. ( Hermosilla et al. 2015a).Hermosilla, T., Wulder, M.A., White, J.C., Coops, N.C., Hobart, G.W., (2015). Regional detection, characterization, and attribution of annual forest change from 1984 to 2012 using Landsat-derived time-series metrics. Remote Sensing of Environment 170, 121-132. ( Hermosilla et al. 2015b).Hermosilla, T., M.A. Wulder, J.C. White, N.C. Coops, G. W. Hobart, (2017). Updating Landsat time series of surface-reflectance composites and forest change products with new observations. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 63,104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.07.013 (Hermosilla et al. 2017)

The National Ecological Framework for Canada's "Soil Texture by Ecodistrict” dataset contains tables that provide soil texture information within the ecodistrict framework polygon. It provides soil texture codes and their English and French language descriptions as well as the percentage of the polygon that the component occupies.Soil texture indicates the relative proportions of the various soil separates (sand, silt, clay) as described by classes of texture. Soil separates are mineral particles, 2.0 mm in diameter and include: gravel 0.2 -7.5 cm and cobbles 7.5-25.0 cm. There are 12 texture group classes definitions and one class definition for Not Applicable (which indicates, for example, water, ice or urban areas).

Landscape hazard maps were completed as part of a community hazards mapping program coordinated by the Northern Climate ExChange (Yukon Research Centre, Yukon College). Potential landscape hazards were assessed under changing future conditions by incorporating a variety of data sets, including surficial geology, topography (slope and aspect), permafrost distribution, site-specific permafrost data (e.g. ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography and borehole data), analyses of past hydrological and climatological trends, and future climate projections. The landscape hazard map identifies existing and potential geological hazards such as landslides, permafrost stability and flooding. The hazard map is presented in stoplight colours to provide an intuitive tool for community decision makers aiming to incorporate an adaptation planning framework into existing land use management practices. Detailed descriptions of data inputs and hazard analysis methodology are presented in an accompanying report (available for download from [https://data.geology.gov.yk.ca/Reference/78488](https://data.geology.gov.yk.ca/Reference/78488)). An accompanying surficial geological map also describes detailed landscape characteristics such as surface landscape features, sediment texture, genetic material, surface expression and geomorphological processes (available for download from [https://data.geology.gov.yk.ca/Reference/78488](https://data.geology.gov.yk.ca/Reference/78488)).Distributed from [GeoYukon](https://yukon.ca/geoyukon) by the [Government of Yukon](https://yukon.ca/maps) . Discover more digital map data and interactive maps from Yukon's digital map data collection.For more information: [geomatics.help@yukon.ca](mailto:geomatics.help@yukon.ca)

The Forest Change Type data described here is an update to previously posted open data. The date range for this data is 2012 to 2015. The Forest Change Type data for the prior period from 1985 to 2011 can be found here: https://opendata.nfis.org/mapserver/nfis-change_eng.html or https://gcgeo.gc.ca/geonetwork/search/eng search for “Forest Change” but you must be logged in to see the data. It is developed within the framework of Canada’s National Terrestrial Ecosystem Monitoring System (NTEMS).The forest change data included in this product is national in scope (entire forested ecosystem) and represents the first wall-to-wall characterization of wildfire and harvest in Canada at a spatial resolution commensurate with human impacts. The information outcomes represent 25 years of stand replacing change in Canada’s forests, derived from a single, consistent spatially-explicit data source, derived in a fully automated manner. This demonstrated capacity to characterize forests at a resolution that captures human impacts is key to establishing a baseline for detailed monitoring of forested ecosystems from management and science perspectives. Time series of Landsat data were used to characterize national trends in stand replacing forest disturbances caused by wildfire and harvest for the period 1985–2010 for Canada's 650 million hectare forested ecosystems (https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0034425717301360). Landsat data has a 30m spatial resolution, so the change information is highly detailed and is commensurate with that of human impacts. These data represent annual stand replacing forest changes. The stand replacing disturbances types labeled are wildfire and harvest, with lower confidence wildfire and harvest, also shared. The distinction and sharing of lower class membership likelihoods is to indicate to users that some change events were more difficult to allocate to a change type, but are generally found to be in the correct category. For an overview on the data, image processing, and time series change detection methods applied, as well as information on independent accuracy assessment of the data, see Hermosilla et al. (2016; http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17538947.2016.1187673).The data available is, 1. a binary change/no-change; 2. Change year; and, 3. Change type. When using this data, please cite as: Hermosilla, T.,Wulder, M. A.,White, J. C.,Coops, N. C.,Hobart, G. W., (2017). Updating Landsat time series of surface-reflectance composites and forest change products with new observations. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 63: 104-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2017.07.013 White, J.C., M.A. Wulder, T. Hermosilla, N.C. Coops, and G. Hobart. (2017). A nationwide annual characterization of 25 years of forest disturbance and recovery for Canada using Landsat time series. Remote Sensing of Environment. 192: 303-321. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.03.035.

The National Ecological Framework for Canada's "Soil Texture by Ecoregion” dataset contains tables that provide soil texture information within the ecoregion framework polygon. It provides soil texture codes and their English and French language descriptions as well as the percentage of the polygon that the component occupies.Soil texture indicates the relative proportions of the various soil separates (sand, silt, clay) as described by classes of texture. Soil separates are mineral particles, 2.0 mm in diameter and include: gravel 0.2 -7.5 cm and cobbles 7.5-25.0 cm. There are 12 texture group classes definitions and one class definition for Not Applicable (which indicates, for example, water, ice or urban areas).