Groundwater samples have been collected in the hydrogeological unit, for various types of analysis. The dataset is not used to represent a particular phenomenon or observation but rather as a utility dataset to add context and reference to groundwater analysis. It represents a general description of the sample site and sample. Sampling methods vary according to the types of analysis.

Water composition is defined by measuring the amounts of its various constituents; these are often expressed as milligrams of substance per litre of water (mg/L). Sampling methods vary according to the types of analysis. Dataset point: The dataset represents a general description of the sample, including name, ID, type of analysis and lab. It includes numbers describing the results of the analysis and physical properties of groundwater. Time series: The dataset represents a general description of the sample, including name, ID, type of analysis and lab. It includes series of numbers describing the results of the analysis and physical properties of groundwater with associated date. Dynamic values over time at the same sites provides temporal variation data of groundwater composition.

Groundwater flow is the movement of water in an aquifer or hydrogeological unit. The dataset shows groundwater flow rate and direction in the hydrogeological unit. Groundwater flow is establish from piezometric surface map. The method used to create the dataset is described in the metadata associated with the dataset. The dataset represents a description of the flow, including rate in m/d, direction, date and source. Typically, the data provided will not be in the form of a shapefile with linked properties but in the form of an image that sketches the groundwater flow. The image could also represent a cross section of the hydrogeologic units showing the regional trends of the groundwater flow.

Level below which soil or rock is saturated with water, in the well and at the time the level has been measured, expressed in m above the sea level. Groundwater depth is measured on the field, using a water level meters. The depth is then subtracted from the elevation of the measurement site to obtain the water level elevation. The dataset is a general description of the measurement site including location and well elevation. It features a series of points of the surface elevation of the groundwater body.

In permafrost dominated regions, a gap persists in our understanding of water resources, the influence of groundwater, and the impact of climate change at the regional scale. Regional scale modelling can help to advance the understanding of these impacts by integrating with regional climate models. For regional modelling to be tenable, ongoing development of modelling methods and conceptualizations is required. By developing a fully integrated numerical groundwater-surface water climate model using HydroGeoSphere (HGS) (Aquanty 2021) for a gauged basin within the discontinuous permafrost zone, this dataset allows the verification of existing numerical methods and the testing of various conceptualizations of integrated groundwater-surface water flow in permafrost regions at the regional scale. This work informs future modelling and forecasting of regional water resources in permafrost regimes.

The Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network (PGMN) datasets report on ambient (baseline) groundwater level and chemistry conditions. [Groundwater monitoring map](https://ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/map-provincial- groundwater-monitoring-network)

In the hydrogeological unit, quantity of water that replenishes groundwater beneath the water table, expressed in mm/yr. Recharge is usually calculated using hydrology balance, integrating information from precipitation, hydrology data, drainage, soil properties, evapotranspiration, etc. The result is a raster dataset in which each cell has a given value for the recharge of the aquifer. It can be calculate using HELP software, developed by the US EPA. The methods used to create the dataset are described in the metadata associated with the dataset. The dataset represent a raster in which each cell has a mean value describing the global annual recharge of the hydrogeological unit.

Point features showing the locations of groundwater wells with pumping test information and/or aquifer parameter data. Some wells may have more than one pumping test record. Further context regarding the pumping tests and analysis are provided with the well records in GWELLS (https://apps.nrs.gov.bc.ca/gwells/).

[ARCHIVED] Recommendation is to discontinue the “Nova Scotia Groundwater Observation Well Temperature Data”. This is for scientific / technical reasons. The data was never designed to be collected as a dataset on its own, but is used by sensors to create a correction facter for other data (groundwater levels). Developments in academic research show that the type of water wells we monitor for groundwater levels do not have the correct design for measuring temperature, with issues that include the potential within wells for thermal convection cells that cause groundwater temperature readings to fluctuate inconsistently. Groundwater temperatures have been recorded from the NS Groundwater Observation Well monitoring network since 2003. This temperature data is presented as daily averages and may be influenced by a number of variable factors including air temperature, well construction, depth, geology and groundwater conditions.

This layer comprises all the available water wells in GIN (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador) and published through the open data platforms. This layer is a combination of all individual provincial and territorial layers. The original databases are dynamically converted by an automatic process managed by Natural Resources Canada (Groundwater Information Network).